How to Balance Theory and Research

I love to dwell in both theory and research. Both are fascinating to me.

But how do I balance theory and research when they conflict with each other?

I share an example and I know this is stormy waters ahead for some readers because I’m going to create waves.

Photo of waves set against a cloudy sky.

 Photo by Ant Rozetsky on Unsplash

First, the theory; Andragogy or Adult Learning Theory credited to Malcolm Knowles and to smaller degrees to other theorists.  Before I go any further, I have to acknowledge that in 2022, there is a STRONG movement to discredit Knowles and Adult Learning Theory.  More than I can count, it’s currently cool to disrespect this around instructional design. It’s quite ugly.

Examples:

 
 

I find this trend really disturbing and an example of cancel culture. Realistically, I find that IDs that put no mental effort into truly studying Andragogy dismiss it out of hand as unreal based on their surface understanding. Said another way, they believe that they know what Andragogy is and then they say it does not exist. BTW, LinkedIn comments have become hot when I’ve described that THE MOST COMMON COMPLAINT against andragogy is that “children occasionally display these adult traits too, so, therefore, adult learning as an exclusive or separate thing does not exist.”  Heads-up: Classic  logical fallacy of composition

Once in a while someone will ask “What is an adult anyway?” which I find to be at least a cognizant thought and then explain “Yes, defining an adult is the first exercise in an Adult Learning Theory class.” Duh. It’s actually really hard to define an adult because there are so many different standards. 

In summary, using a logical fallacy of composition argument is already weak.

Additionally, I find that Andragogy is well-respected, research-supported part of education around for over 30 years. What’s next to pick apart? Gender studies?!? 2022 does seem to be the Year to Attack Women. What about Black Cultural studies? How about studies about any particular group?? Or should I be saying “Any particular group that isn’t White Mainstream?”  See? That’s where cancel culture gets you eventually; no one is good enough. I reject all of this.

Rinse & repeat on Brain-Based Learning.

 

The Salem Witches of ID OR Cancel culture has arrived in Instructional Design

 

Photograph of Salem-like harvest table with autumn colors

Photo by Erica Marsland Huynh on Unsplash

What do the Salem witch trials and woke cancel culture have in common?

Both established rogue thoughts as truth.

I’m sorry to report that over the past few months, cancel culture has arrived in Instructional Design.

Personally, I’ve seen “Andragogy” and “Brain-Based Learning” attacked and discarded on public LinkedIn posts, threads, and some blog posts. I’ll be collecting them here below as I find them. However, if there get to be too many (and already collecting these was depressing and exhausting.  In one case there were 30 replies and that was not even to me!) I’ll stop collecting.

 It is as if a newer ID hears of brain-based learning, says to
themselves “huh, where else is learning supposed to happen?” and then
calls brain-based learning stupid because of the name.

I’ve
tried to point out that what’s happening is that less educated
Instructional Designers are approaching these concepts as words only or
with very little in-depth research and are tossing out the concept
entirely.

In
the case of Andragogy, I tried defending it. It’s an established
section of education with a depth of history of more than 50 years (in
popular Education studies, longer in lexicon). Attacking it, to me, is
the equivalent of attacking Black History.  Why would you do this? It
makes no sense.  The arguments against andragogy always seem to equate little children with adults. 

For example:

  • According to andragogy, adults want to know why.
  • My child asks why. 
  • When doing so, my child behaves as an adult.
  • My child is not an adult.
  • Therefore, andragogy does not exist. 

Rinse & repeat with a lot of cognitive elements (my child can do this, my child can do that…)  Always exceptions. Piaget gets dragged into this (he does below). Perhaps then begin the “Well, if one part of false, then all parts are false” arguments…which themselves are logical fallacies. Duh.

It’s tough out there. Note in this first example, the author is the post is ALSO the author of the article hosting place called The Learning Scientists— which is a point that I make; that the OP is putting on a aura of authority that is, perhaps, inappropriately authoritative to the audience. Said another way, readers might not understand that the writing, all inclusive here, was opinion.

Andragogy

Academics Getting Paid To Write

Image of large arrow pointing left made up on small arrows pointing right. Image is meant to convey concept of contradiction.
Photo by 愚木混株 cdd20 on Unsplash

I once was in the position to see the editing of an international research position paper; how the sausage is made, so to speak. I was able to see contributors, editing, and writing styles first hand by academics from my industry. 

What I saw was shocking.

Writer #1

I saw one writer who is a famous name in my industry who could not write their way out of a wet paper sack. Literally one paragraph that was meant to contain a definition of “immersion” contained five sentences that were the same sentence reworded. It was exactly like watching a Freshman college student open, work on a paper by writing one floppy sentence, then hitting save, put the paper away for a day, then re-open it, start again in the same paragraph and forget that they should be adding thought and simply re-work the same thought they had the day before, and then think that they were profound. The result is that they sounded like a bullshitter. Their work needed major rewriting; every sentence.

This is a doctoral holder who is director of a major research/production house with the US. [EDIT: Update from December 2025. This writer’s university is collapsing.]

Writer #2

Second, a writer who is famous — like hits the podcasts weekly for their opinions in my industry– contributed a page and a half of writing and was paid US$5,000. (Actually all three examples I give here were paid $5,000 each for their writing). It didn’t need much editing but…hey…could you sleep at night knowing you gave that kind of contribution? The final paper was 75 pages.

$5,000 for 1.5 pages of writing?

Nice work, if you can get it.

Writer #3

The last writer actually gave good writing and a decent amount of it. Unfortunately, this person does not get off completely free from problems. 

I personally tech supported the person as they were supposed to present in an admittedly difficult XR platform. They didn’t attend a rehearsal. The time of the event, their sound didn’t work. I brought them outside of the auditorium to troubleshoot. But as I went through the standard list of fixes (which all centered on the user and their Windows settings), I got a healthy heaping of sighs and “I should be inside presenting” statements. Eventually, the writer gave up on me and the tech and decided to go in on cell phone patched in.


The writer was still paid $5,000. But they had an attitude that would not fit through the door sideways.

All doctoral holders, all famous names in the industry. All unpleasant to work with, to put it mildly.


Disclosure: I contributed to the early stage of this same writing project. However, there is no proof that any of my contributions, or indeed much of any of the contributions of the 54 unpaid, early stage writers showed up in the final project other than just in name. The early contributions were supposed to be read, condensed, and included in the final version. There is absolutely no proof that actually happened. 

Even at one point, I had heard an incident that a quote attributed to an
early writer had never happened; they didn’t write/say that. That person strongly objected to the quote for obvious ethical reasons. The editors removed the mistaken attribution. 

It seems much more likely, from what I witnessed, that the three writers above plus the editors simply restarted a new document to their own preferred liking.

The further editing was a mess as editors worked with different writing programs
and had distinctly different approaches to what was acceptable academic
writing. In the end, the main editor was so disgusted by the writing
that they refused to have the document qualified as academic writing and
it was spun as a “market report” (interesting, given that it was
written entirely by academics) instead. It didn’t really work. 

The document hit the presses
more than 6 months late to little acclaim or notice.